REPORTS
Avoiding mortality
Hawkins et al. (2019)
Avoiding mortality in animal research and testing.
ISBN: 978-0-901098-17-7A
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE)
Wolfensohn et al. (2013)
Reducing suffering in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
Journal of Pharmacological &
Toxicological Methods 67, 169-176
Rheumatoid arthritis
Hawkins et al. (2015)
Applying refinement to the use of mice and rats in rheumatoid arthritis research.
Inflammopharmacology 23, 131-150
Seizures, convulsions and epilepsy
Wolfensohn et al. (2013)
Reducing suffering in animal models and procedures involving seizures,
convulsions and epilepsy.
Journal of Pharmacological &
Toxicological Methods 67, 9-15
Sepsis
Lilley et al. (2015)
Refinement of animal models of sepsis and septic shock.
Shock 43, 304-316
Spinal cord injury
Lilley et al. (2020)
Refining rodent models of spinal cord injury.
Experimental Neurology 328, 113273
OTHER Relevant reports
Cancer research
Workman P et al. (2010)
Guidelines for the welfare and use of animals in cancer research.
British Journal of Cancer 102, 1555–1577 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605642
Cardiovascular research
Emerson (2010)
Refinement, reduction and replacement approaches to in vivo cardiovascular research.
British Journal of Pharmacology 161, 749-754
Epilepsy
Modebadze et al. (2016)
A low mortality, high morbidity Reduced Intensity Status Epilepticus (RISE) model of epilepsy and epileptogenesis in the rat.
PLoS ONE 11(2), e0147265 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147265
Epilepsy and seizures
Lidster et al. (2016)
Opportunities for improving animal welfare in rodent models of epilepsy and seizures.
Journal of Neuroscience Methods 260, 2-25
Fish acute toxicity test
Katsiadaki et al. (2021)
Dying for change: A roadmap to refine
the fish acute toxicity test after 40 years
of applying a lethal endpoint.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 223, 112585
Ischaemic stroke
Percie du Sert N et al. (2017)
The IMPROVE Guidelines (Ischaemia Models: Procedural Refinements Of in Vivo Experiments).
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 37(11), 3488-3517 doi:10.1177/0271678X17709185
Liver fibrosis models
Probert PME et al. (2014)
A reversible model for periportal fibrosis and a refined alternative to bile duct ligation.
Toxicology Research 3, 98-109
doi: 10.1039/C3TX50069A
Neuropathic pain
Percie du Sert & Rice (2014)
Improving the translation of analgesic drugs to the clinic: animal models of neuropathic pain.
British Journal of Pharmacology 161, 749-754
Vaccine potency testing
Hendriksen (2009)
Replacement, reduction and refinement alternatives to animal use in vaccine potency measurement.
Expert Review of Vaccines 8, 313-322
Vaccine studies using NHPs
Prescott et al. (2021)
Opportunities for refinement of non-human primate vaccine studies.
Vaccines 9, 284
Refining rodent cancer models
De Vleeschauwer et al. (2024)
OBSERVE: guidelines for the refinement of rodent cancer models.
Nature Protocols 1-26
AVOIDING AND REDUCING SEVERE SUFFERING
Avoiding and reducing severe suffering helps to fulfil legal requirements, reduce ethical concerns and improve scientific quality – this website will help you to achieve this.
Practical ways to reduce or avoid severe suffering include: